Analyzing a 16-QAM modulated waveform?

1. What is QAM explain with waveform?
2. How is 16-QAM signal generated?
3. How does 16-QAM work?
4. How many phases are there in 16-QAM?

What is QAM explain with waveform?

QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) is a method of combining two amplitude modulation (AM) signals into a single channel. This approach helps double its effective bandwidth. QAM is also used with pulse AM (PAM) in digital systems, like wireless applications.

How is 16-QAM signal generated?

16-QAM signals can be generated with tandem-QPSK transmitter by cascading IQ modulator, Mach-Zehnder Modulators (MZM) and phase modulators (PM) [7], or cascading two IQ modulators [8]. Such transmitters were driven by binary electrical signals, simplifying the drive electronic circuits design.

How does 16-QAM work?

16-QAM is a type of Quadrature Modulation (QAM) in which a carrier wave of a fixed frequency can exist in one of sixteen different states. This can be represented in a constellation diagram (Figure 1) where each state is a symbol that contains one of 16 different amplitude and phase levels.

How many phases are there in 16-QAM?

A Constellation diagram is used to plot those symbols in rectangular space. The 16-QAM design has 4 amplitudes and 12 phases.