-qam

Need help understanding 16QAM constellation diagram

Need help understanding 16QAM constellation diagram
  1. How does 16-QAM work?
  2. How is 16-QAM signal generated?
  3. How many phases are there in 16-QAM?

How does 16-QAM work?

16-QAM is a type of Quadrature Modulation (QAM) in which a carrier wave of a fixed frequency can exist in one of sixteen different states. This can be represented in a constellation diagram (Figure 1) where each state is a symbol that contains one of 16 different amplitude and phase levels.

How is 16-QAM signal generated?

16-QAM signals can be generated with tandem-QPSK transmitter by cascading IQ modulator, Mach-Zehnder Modulators (MZM) and phase modulators (PM) [7], or cascading two IQ modulators [8]. Such transmitters were driven by binary electrical signals, simplifying the drive electronic circuits design.

How many phases are there in 16-QAM?

A Constellation diagram is used to plot those symbols in rectangular space. The 16-QAM design has 4 amplitudes and 12 phases.

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