Average energy of qam constellation

1. How many bits in 16 QAM?
2. What is energy per symbol?

How many bits in 16 QAM?

Each symbol in the constellation contains up to 4 bits (0s and 1s) in a 16-QAM scheme. Therefore, the number of combinations that are possible using 4 binary bits is 24 = 16, with each state or symbol containing a value from 0000 to 1111.

What is energy per symbol?

Energy per symbol. This is the total signal power divided by the symbol rate, R_s. E_c. Energy in a single coded bit, or bit into the FEC decoder. E_c is related to E_s by the modulation type, specifically the number of coded bits per symbol, k.