Symbol

Average Energy of modified QAM Constellation

Average Energy of modified QAM Constellation
  1. What is Constellation in QAM?
  2. What is the symbol rate of 16-QAM?
  3. What is energy per symbol?

What is Constellation in QAM?

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, QAM is a form of modulation that is a combination of phase modulation and amplitude modulation. The QAM scheme represents bits as points in a quadrant grid know as a constellation map.

What is the symbol rate of 16-QAM?

The 16 qam bits per symbol are 4 (four). This means in 16-QAM each symbol represents 4 bits as mentioned in the 16-QAM constellation diagram above. For example if the input is 1010 then the output is (-3-j*3)*KMOD. Typically KMOD is 1/root (10) for 16-QAM.

What is energy per symbol?

Energy per symbol. This is the total signal power divided by the symbol rate, Rs. Ec. Energy in a single coded bit, or bit into the FEC decoder. Ec is related to Es by the modulation type, specifically the number of coded bits per symbol, k.

Frequency How to understand the basis sinusoids of 3D FFT?
How to understand the basis sinusoids of 3D FFT?
How do you read a FFT plot?What are the two basic classes of FFT algorithm?What the FFT analysis of a signal tells us about the signal?What is the FF...
Covariance Initial Process Covariance in 1-D Kalman Filter
Initial Process Covariance in 1-D Kalman Filter
What is covariance in Kalman filter?Why covariance matrix is used in Kalman filter?What is covariance EKF?How do you initialize a Kalman filter? Wha...
Sampling How does the quadrature sampling lower the sampling rate?
How does the quadrature sampling lower the sampling rate?
How does quadrature sampling work?How do you reduce sampling frequency?How did the lower sample rate change the DFT results?What are the effects of d...